1 10 146 https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/8d571c5d939629056355084023ffe87f.jpg ccf7a5edefa676e1834d0a0787a0eb37 Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource American Smelting And Refining Company Taken from Aksarben Bridge Subject The topic of the resource Factories Rivers Smokestacks Description An account of the resource Factories and other buildings next to a river. Smoke is coming out of the top of some of the buildings and smokestacks. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bostwick, Louis (1868-1943) and Frohardt, Homer (1885-1972) Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Original Format: 3-5/8" x 4-3/4" black and white film negative Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Durham Museum Photo Archive Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1930-1940 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource From the Bostwick-Frohardt Collection, owned by KM3TV and on permanent loan to The Durham Museum. Commercial use or distribution of the image is not permitted without prior permission of the copyright holder. Please contact The Durham Museum for permission to use the digital image. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Image/tif Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Adam Sundberg Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant POLYGON((-10678153.167282 5050751.4671488,-10678105.394139 5050789.6856629,-10678167.499224 5051257.8624611,-10678229.60431 5051343.8541179,-10678272.600138 5051334.2994894,-10678387.255681 5051439.4004033,-10678473.247337 5051133.6522902,-10678272.600138 5050775.3537201,-10678181.831167 5050746.6898345,-10678153.167282 5050751.4671488))|15|-10678286.9320810|5051067.0883003|osm https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/e0fa3fbd944d6473409dd79be04a113c.png e23976c0de781f5eb12c8e1bbf9385d5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Superfund in Omaha Description An account of the resource A collection of historical documents illuminating the history and effectiveness of the Superfund Program in the Omaha Lead Site Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image Original file ‎(1,516 × 2,218 pixels, file size: 1.51 MB, MIME type: image/png) Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Omaha Lead Site-map-EPA 2009 Subject The topic of the resource Maps Lead EPA Omaha ASARCO Council Bluffs Description An account of the resource Map of Omaha Lead Superfund Site, Omaha, Nebraska. Asarco and other companies had contaminated the site. The map shows average lead concentrations based on soil measurements. EPA was scheduled to complete soil cleanup in over 12,500 Omaha residential yards by December 2015. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Kansas City, KS. Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived "Omaha Lead Site, Operable Unit 02. Final Record of Decision." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available EPA Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 13 May 2009 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Emily Burke & Sean Downey Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Public Domain Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Original file ‎(1,516 × 2,218 pixels, file size: 1.51 MB, MIME type: image/png) Type The nature or genre of the resource Map Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Document ID 30022233. Figure 1, p. 164. EPA Lead Map Omaha Superfund Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Smelters at night, Omaha, Neb. Subject The topic of the resource American Smelting & Refining Company Description An account of the resource This artifact is a color postcard (14 x 9 cm.) from sometime between 1907 and 1920. It displays an exterior nighttime view of the smelting works of the Omaha and Grant Smelting and Refining Company. This refining facility was founded and built in 1870, and it was the largest smelter in the country. It would eventually become named the American Smelting and Refining Company (ASARCO) in 1899 (ASARCO, n.d.). This facility in particular was located on the corner of 5th and Douglas Streets (200 South 5th Street) in Omaha, Nebraska. This postcard shows is a full moon, fire coming out of the smoke stacks, and rail cars in the foreground. The title "Smelters at Night, Omaha, Neb." is in the top left corner. The image is beautiful and showcases the impressive size of the facility. It symbolizes the economic benefit that lead refining facilities offered cities in the late 1800s in industrial cities like Omaha. Lead was an important industrial and consumer material during the second industrial revolution (1850-1950). This was due to it's relatively affordable price and its versatility. By the 1870s, when this postcard was produced, it was already fully incorporated into the fabric of industrial production and everyday life. A variety of consumer products also contained lead or lead alloys. It was incorporated into, paints, foundry, printing, piping, canning, batteries, bullets, and a spectrum of other goods containing metals (USGS, n.d.). Large industrial facilities for lead refining and smelting supplied the raw lead used in these products. These refineries, such as the Grant Smelting and Refining Company took raw ore and sediment deposits and filtered out the lead commodity from the rest of the material. This lead could then be distributed either directly or through intermediaries to whichever businesses desired to buy it (Goodwin & Ponikvar, 2013). According to Leif Fredrickson in his dissertation the “Age of Lead,” local and national concern about lead hazards in the workplace did not prompt changes in regulation, compensation, insurance, and public health administration until the early 1900s (Fredrickson, 2017). Prior to the 1900s, the harmful impacts of lead, such as that contributed by the refinery shown above, were in no way accounted for by the government or industrial companies and regulated. This may have been due to overall obliviousness and a lack of understanding of the level of dangers brought by lead, industries unwilling to gain a better understanding of the potential harmful impacts due to profits, and governments too distracted by the capital and jobs infused into cities by the lead industry to bat an eye to any further imploring into lead dangers. Lead industries such as the Grant Smelting and Refining Company employed many people. Just like other industries at this time, lead corporations too relied on immigrant labor because of their relatively low labor costs (Hirschman & Mogford, 2009) . These refineries and factories were primarily based in the cities and new immigrant neighborhoods developed around these factories. Housing in these industrial zones were cheaper and often far more polluted. (Hurley, 2009). Thus, lead industrialization also contributed heavily to the socioeconomic and environmental racial segregation that was still present for the decades to come. CITATIONS- Fredrickson, L. (May, 2017). The Age of Lead: Politics, Science and Urban Ecology in Twentieth-Century Baltimore. doi: 10.18130/v3sh44 ASARCO Company History | www.anchorwave.com. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.asarco.com/about-us/company-history/. Goodwin, F. E., & Ponikvar, A. L. (2013, August 23). Lead Processing. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/lead-processing/Refining. Uses of Lead. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://geology.com/usgs/lead/. Hirschman, C., & Mogford, E. (2009). Immigration and the American industrial revolution from 1880 to 1920. Social science research, 38(4), 897–920. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.04.001 Hurley, A. (2009). Environmental inequalities: class, race, and industrial pollution in Gary, Indiana, 1945-1980. United States: The University of North Carolina Press. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Wakeley, Arthur Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Wakeley, Arthur. Omaha: The Gate City and Douglas County Nebraska, Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, c1917, p. 286-88 and Omaha World Herald/Proquest Newsstand database. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Omaha Public Library Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1907-1920 Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Rohit Akella Betty Straub Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Omaha Public Library Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource Color postcard (14 x 9 cm.) Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Image Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Omaha: The Gate City and Douglas County Nebraska, Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, c1917, p. 286-88 Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm Omaha, Nebraska https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/f665b5623659f7830d6354b10c1e1810.pdf 5eceff9db1cf8b4f784f09b24ab73bef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Superfund in Omaha Description An account of the resource A collection of historical documents illuminating the history and effectiveness of the Superfund Program in the Omaha Lead Site Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Legislation Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CERCLA Section 107: Liability Subject The topic of the resource Liability for pollution under CERCLA Description An account of the resource The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 established what is generally referred to as Superfund. This government program is intended to help in the remediation of sites around the country polluted with toxic materials. However, one particularly important section of this legislation is Section 107, which addresses liability for pollution remediated by the Superfund program. Section 107 assigns this liability to the owners and operators of polluting facilities, any person who owned or opportune a facility at which hazardous substances were disposed of, and person contracted to dispose of, treat, or transport hazardous waste, or who accepts any hazardous substance for transport to a treatment facility from which there is a release of toxic substances. The legislation outlines that these parties shall be responsible for the costs of remediation incurred by the Federal government or a state, any costs of response incurred by a person consistent with the national contingency plan, and damages for injury, destruction of, or loss of natural resources. Subsection (c)(1) provides limits to liability, which it sets at $300 per gross ton for vessels carrying hazardous cargo, through there are differing caps depending on the type of vessel. It also sets a cap at $50,000,000 for releases from motor vehicles, aircraft, and pipelines, which a floor at $5,000,000. Additionally, for any other facility, the law states that “the total of all costs of response plus $50,000,000 for any damages under this title” should be paid. Subsection (2) also notes that within the limitations defined in subsection (c)(1) a responsible party would be liable for full cost of response and damages if the release of hazardous substances was due to “willful misconduct or willful negligence,” or if the release was due to violation of safety standards or regulations. Understanding the provisions outlined by the section of CERCLA is very significant for understanding the story of lead in Omaha. By understanding what responsibility is outlined by this legislation, it becomes possible to know if the responsible parties, namely ASARCO, Gould Electronics, Union Pacific, and others, paid an amount sufficient based on the amounts outlined by CERCLA. This is also important in how successful the EPA has been in fulfilling their outlined goal of holding polluting parties responsible. Based on the amount payed to the EPA in settlements by these companies, the extent to which the EPA held them responsible compared to the amount they are legally directed to be held responsible for can be compared. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource James Florio Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available U.S. Government Publishing Office Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 11, 1980 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF document Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Legislation Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context 94 Stat. 2767 EPA Government Lead Legislation Superfund Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Superfund in Omaha Description An account of the resource A collection of historical documents illuminating the history and effectiveness of the Superfund Program in the Omaha Lead Site Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Newspaper Article Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Asarco sale raises suspicions: The government sees a plot to skip out on site cleanups; the company says it is restructuring to remain in business. Subject The topic of the resource ASARCO sale of assets Description An account of the resource This article details a dispute over ASARCO’s attempt to sell its 54% stake in the Southern Peru Copper Corporation, which was ASARCO’s most valuable asset at the time. ASARCO was attempting to sell this stake to another subsidiary of ASARCO’s parent company, Groupo Mexico. This attempted sale raised concerns amongst members of government agencies such as the Department of Justice and the Environmental Protection Agency, as there was concern that ASARCO was not selling the shares for market value. Selling these shares would have brought ASARCO every closer to bankruptcy, as the profits from the copper mining were a large and reliable revenue stream for the company. Many suspected that this sale was intended to push ASARCO further towards bankruptcy as an attempt by the company to escape their debts and liabilities to clean up sites they contaminated all over the country. On the other hand, ASARCO claimed that the sale was simply an attempt by the company to restructure the company and to pay off a lone that would come due shortly after the proposed sale. The federal government decided to block the sale in order to prevent ASARCO from potentially using to attempt to escape their liabilities. The action taken by the government was very significant for Omaha, as allowing the company to go bankrupt could have acted as a barrier to the proper remediation of the Omaha Lead Site. The article estimates that ASARCO would be responsible for 2/3-3/4 of the costs of remediating the site, which the article estimates at $134 million. Further still, this action was significant in preventing the costs remediating the site from being passed on to tax payers, helping to prevent tax payer subsidization of environmental injustice. This article exemplifies tactics that ASARCO could use in an attempt to evade their liability under CERCLA, and also demonstrates a forceful response by the government to prevent the use of these tactics. When taken in conjunction with the eventual settlement reached between ASARCO and the federal government, this article provides some evidence to say that the EPA put at least some amount of concerted effort into forcing ASARCO, the party most responsible for the contamination at the Omaha Lead Site, to pay for the remediation of the environmental hazard they created. Overall, this can be seen as an attempt by the federal government to enforce the need for environmental justice in in the Omaha Lead Site, although the extent to which this was accomplish may not be to the standard state in CERCLA. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Nancy Gaarder Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Omaha World-Herald Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 26, 2002 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Newspaper Article Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Asarco sale raises suspicions: The government sees a plot to skip out on site cleanups; the company says it is restructuring to remain in business. ASARCO EPA Grupo Mexico Superfund https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/871dda20f873ef7d16a314a573b6dafc.pdf bd5ea9d8b0b0636d2c168a1ef28e7583 https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/60d2cecb06f0deb65a7c6a14a684f9be.pdf bd5ea9d8b0b0636d2c168a1ef28e7583 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Superfund in Omaha Description An account of the resource A collection of historical documents illuminating the history and effectiveness of the Superfund Program in the Omaha Lead Site Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data PDF Document Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Final Record of Decision: Decision Summary, Omaha Lead Site Subject The topic of the resource Omaha Lead Site Remediation Plan Description An account of the resource This document gives an overview of the situation at the Omaha Lead Site as it was seen by the EPA. One important part of this document is its Site history section. This section pinpoints the ASARCO facility located at 500 Douglas Street from the early 1870s-1997 as a major source of lead contamination in the Omaha Lead Site. It also specifically notes that the Aaron Ferer lead smelter and lead battery recycling, later operated by Gould, was also a major source of lead pollution. Both of these facilities emitted lead particulates into the atmosphere, which was then deposited on the ground in the surrounding area. Based on this evidence of pollution by these facilities, the EPA tried to take various enforcement actions to hold the companies in compliance with CERCLA regulations. In response to the high levels of lead found in the blood of children living in the area, the EPA asked ASARCO to perform soil removal at child-care centers and residencies in the contaminated area, but ASARCO refused, even after an Administrative Order was issued. After this refusal, the EPA took action on its own, but continued to try to hold ASARCO responsible for their actions, as well as three other potentially responsible parties: Union Pacific, Gould, and Aaron Ferer. In most cases, these parties refused to cooperate with the EPA, including on the performance of an RI/FS, requests for payments for costs and performance of work. When these parties refused to cooperate, the EPA issued further Administrative Orders in an attempt to hold the parties responsible. However, the parties continued to refuse to comply, forcing the EPA to procede with the remediation of the Omaha Lead Sight using money from Superfund, rather than from the responsible parties. This document is significant for multiple reasons. First of all, it gives specific evidence and justification about why the EPA chose the potentially responsible parties that they did, as gives a better idea about what actions they pursued against the parties early on in the remediation of the Omaha Lead Site. Additionally, this documents the potentially responsible parties active strategies to attempt to escape responsibility for the pollution they put into the environment. This establishes the justification for the legal action the EPA took against these companies later on, and is significant in understanding the overall effort that was put in by the EPA took make the responsible parties pay for the remediation of the pollution they placed into the environment. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VII Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived EPA.gov Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available US Environmental Protection Agency Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource May 2009 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource PDF Document Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource US EPA Archive Document Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context FINAL RECORD OF DECISION DECISION SUMMARY OMAHA LEAD SITE OPERABLE UNIT NUMBER 2 https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/af9956fb5109d60535fdd46d7870bb0c.jpg e51da907ac92f52d608b718478293bd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Omaha City, Nebraska Hyperlink A link, or reference, to another resource on the Internet. URL https://arcg.is/005Cay Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Map of Omaha City, Nebraska Subject The topic of the resource Map of Omaha, Nebraska Description An account of the resource Map of Omaha, Nebraska in 1866. Taken from the David Rumsey collection, this map shows Omaha 12 years after its incorporation in 1854. Nebraska would go on to become the 37th state in the year following this map's creation. The hyperlink on this page is a link to an ARCGIS story map with slide bar using this map and comparing it to a 2019 base map for the city of Omaha, Nebraska. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Oscar Davis Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Gast, Moeller & Co. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1866 Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived David Rumsey Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Carter White Lead Company Subject The topic of the resource Omaha Industrial Lead Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rohit Akella, Betty Straub Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived NorthOmahaHistory.com Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Adam Fletcher Sasse Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource https://northomahahistory.com/2016/04/18/a-history-of-lead-poisoning-in-north-omaha/ Language A language of the resource English Description An account of the resource This artifact image shows a colorless dotted drawing of the once existent Carter White Lead company plant, which manufactured household paint. This image in particular shows the plant that was once located in the Eastern region of Omaha in the factory district, which was open from 1878 to 1936. In the image, you can see a big building with many chimney shafts. There seems to be lots of thick and heavy smoke venting out of the chimneys into the surrounding atmosphere. This was a main form of its contribution to lead exposure outside of its product use. Much of the smoke contained small lead particles dues to the industrial processes and settled into the dirt throughout the surrounding area of Omaha (Sasse, 2016). Workers were exposed to this air much more closely than most. According to the EPA, much of these settled lead particles eventually sunk down into the watersheds groundwater system (EPA, 2016). You can see the building had many windows to allow ample light to the workers. On the outside, you can see what appear to be many people walking around the building and horse drawn carriages traveling by the building. On the bottom left of the image, both the name of the company and the address of the plant are written. Between 1910 and 1920 when the Carter White Lead was still in operation, lead use continued in its expansion with very little resistance. One of the main reasons for this expansion was due in part to world war one. During the war, many of the supplies needed for the war effort required lead based products. For example, the increased demand for ammunition produced allowed companies such as Lawrence Shot and Lead Company to make more sales, leading to increases in production quantities (USGS, n.d.). Another example is leaded paint, which was required for the planes, vehicles, and other military equipment (USGS, n.d.). US forces also depended upon canned food. The cans were smoldered with lead alloy. There were also many more examples, such as bearing metals, cable covering, caulking lead, batteries, as radiation shielding in medical analysis, and more (USGS, n.d.). Thus businesses evidently increased in profits rapidly while exposing more people to their lead contaminated. Businesses such as Carter White Lead, the Lawrence Shot and Lead Company, and many others increased production and profits, but as a consequence, evidently exposed more people to their lead hazards. This is a prime example of how the industrial lead industry gained profits off of injustice. Especially during a time where most people were focused on the war, exposure to lead may not have been an area of focus for many of the people who were exposed and impacted. CITATIONS- Adam F. Sasse. (2016, April 18). A History of Lead Poisoning in North Omaha. Retrieved from https://northomahahistory.com/2016/04/18/a-history-of-lead-poisoning-in-north-omaha/. Lead in Outdoor Air. (2016, November 28). Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/lead/lead-outdoor-air. National Minerals Information Center. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/lead-statistics-and-information. Carter White Lead Paint Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Superfund in Omaha Description An account of the resource A collection of historical documents illuminating the history and effectiveness of the Superfund Program in the Omaha Lead Site Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource US Pays Asarco $15M To End Nebraska Superfund Cleanup Dispute Subject The topic of the resource US and ASARCO dispute settlement Description An account of the resource In December of 2012, the US Federal Government and ASARCO reached a settlement in which the US agreed to pay ASARCO $15 million to end a long-lasting dispute about ASARCO’s true liability for the contamination of the Omaha Lead Site. This dispute was marked by ASARCO’s allegations that the United States EPA concealed and destroyed documents that investigated the contributions of guilty parties charged with the contamination of the Omaha Lead Site. In ASARCO’s previous 2009 bankruptcy proceedings, the two parties had agreed on a $219.5 million settlement for the toxic contamination of Omaha soil. ASARCO however, later contended that this settlement exceeded the company’s true liability at the site and demanded a refund of its overpayment to the EPA. This demand was based on the claim that the Superfund site experienced lead contamination primarily because of lead-based paint from the surrounding housing stock, rather than the lead smelter that ASARCO had operated nearby. ASARCO claimed that the lead smelter “had been closed and fully remediated in an award-winning environmental cleanup”. It followed then, that the US Department of Housing and Urban Development was responsible for the lead contamination. If this claim held, then ASARCO’s legal and monetary liability to the Superfund site would be greatly diminished, and the EPA would be forced to return significant funds to ASARCO. In the instigation of this dispute, ASARCO quoted emails in which the EPA project manager for the Omaha Lead Site “allegedly instructed his workers to delete emails related to the source of contamination at the site because they would likely be subject to the Freedom of Information Act and discovery requests later”. The federal government disputed all allegations regarding fraud, overpayment of liabilities, misrepresentations, and improper nondisclosure by ASARCO. The federal government held that the original Omaha Lead Site Settlement was fair and accurately based, so as to rightly represent the level of contamination by ASARCO’s lead smelter. It was further contended that ASARCO’s lawsuit was untimely and “without factual or legal basis and contrary to the Omaha Lead Site settlement, and that [ASARCO] lacks standing”. With the 2012 $15 million settlement, ASARCO and the federal government agreed to resolve all disputes related to the Omaha Lead Site. This $15 million settlement reduced the remediation funds that the EPA received for addressing the Omaha Lead Site to $204.5 million total. This artifact is relevant to the EPA’s level of success, or rather, struggle for success in the adequate charging of guilty parties for Omaha’s lead contamination. This legal dispute is testament to the challenges of navigating the retribution of companies and corporations involved in environmental degradation, to whatever degree. Regardless of the contribution of residential lead-paint contamination to the overall severity of what became the Omaha Superfund Site, the presence of ASARCO and the detrimental effects of industrial lead exposure are undeniable. This summary of the US and ASARCO dispute demonstrates the principal challenge the EPA faced in the naming of guilty parties and the subsequent challenge of charging for liabilities. While determination of liability presents several arbitrary decisions to be made and several holes to find in such decisions, fulfillment of the EPA’s goal to make responsible parties pay for clean-up was complicated by legal disputes like this. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Juan Carlos Rodriguez Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Law 360 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Portfolio Media, Inc. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 12, 2012 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All Content © 2003-2019, Relation A related resource The case is In re: Asarco LLC, case number 2:05-bk-21207, in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Legal news article Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context US Pays Asarco $15M To End Nebraska Superfund Cleanup Dispute ASARCO EPA Settlement https://steppingintothemap.com/inequalities/files/original/1c29b2cc0a6483608dbfbfa1e97133a4.jpg 7027ac01b4ba540f74402d8b54965a63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Schedule I 1880 Census, Omaha, NE Description An account of the resource A sheet from the 1880 census data collected in Omaha, NE. The area is described as being "bounded on the north by Davenport Street, on the East by the Missouri River, on the South by Farnham [sic] Street, and the West by 11th Street." Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Bureau of Census Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 2, 1880