Madeline King, Stage 3 – Annotated Bibliography

Data Sources

• CreightonGISArchive. “Omaha Public Schools. ArcGIS. Last updated May 8, 2020.
  • This Web Map layer provides the locations of the Omaha Public Schools, as well as population and demographic information.
• CreightonGISArchive. “Omaha 1950 African American Demographics.” ArcGOS. Last updated May 8, 2020.
  • This Web Map layer provides a mapping of the African American population in the 1950s. This is relevant to my project (specifically the 1955-1975 date range) because it provides some population data for the historic event of Omaha’s segregated schools.
• CreightonGISArchive. “Omaha Demographic Analysis.” ArcGIS. Last updated Mar. 17, 2022.
  • This layer provides a modern demographic analysis of Omaha, featuring different distinctions, such as race, income, age, and education.
• Omaha School Directories (a variety of dates)
  • Housed at an Omaha Public Library, the Omaha School Directories should provide me with the name and location of the schools within my earliest and middle date ranges so that I can map them. It should give me addresses and idea of school access and how it has changed over the decades.
• Omaha Social Project. “Special Education in OPS: Legalized Segregation and its Effect on Special Education.” https://omahasocialproject.wordpress.com/education/special-education-in-ops-legalized-segregation-and-its-effect-on-special-education/
  • This source can also double as a secondary source due to the background information it provides, but it provides data and mapping for Special Education programs in OPS, as well as the funding by each district for special education programs.
• Census Data – 1950 through 2020 – NHGIS
  • This Data will cover a variety of fields (depending on the data range). Most importantly, it will cover demographics surrounding race and poverty.
• State of Nebraska. “Private Schools.” ArcGIS. Last Updated Mar. 15, 2024. https://www.nebraskamap.gov/datasets/86570d238f6b42148bd9866bd81d46b0/explore?location=40.634903%2C-100.559753%2C5.61
  • This layer provides a map of all current private schools. Though it includes all private schools across the state of Nebraska, I can filter it to the Omaha Metro Area, plus Ralston, Millard, and Elkhorn.
• State of Nebraska. “School Districts.” ArcGIS. Last Updated March. 15, 2024. https://www.nebraskamap.gov/datasets/9ea18bbfdb8649bbb27c9bad3aeb793c_0/explore?location=40.568929%2C-99.634600%2C4.00
  • This map gives a breakdown of school districts. I think it is also useful because it provides some demographic information, such as total population, and gives a visual of the shape of the district.
• University of Montana. “Disability Counts: Date Lookup Tool.” Rural Institute. https://rtc.ruralinstitute.umt.edu/geography/DataLookupTool.asp
  • This interactive tool allows you to create a data set regarding disability in specific areas across the country, I plan to use the information on age, race, and disability in Douglas, Cass, and Sarpy Counties.
• Omaha Public Schools. “Omaha Public Schools: Building Locations.” https://www.ops.org/site/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=2326&dataid=2316&FileName=OPS%2036×36%20-%20School%20Locations.pdf
  • This is the current map of the 2023-2024 Omaha Public School System and the boundaries for each school. I would ideally also like to find the opt in data for OPS to get an idea of how “solid” the district boundaries are.

The majority of my current secondary scholarly sources provide either some historical background information or social scientific research on discrimination in schools on the basis of race and disability, as well as its impacts on student education.

• Johnson, Tekla Ali, Greg Wiggan and Deborah Brown Quick. “African American Administration of Predominately Black Schools: Segregation or Emancipation in Omaha, NE.” African Cultures and Policy Studies, 2009. 113-129.
  • This article focuses on the issues of class, poverty, and race. Despite decades of work to rid the nation of segregated practices, a school system that functions in some way off of income inevitably perpetuates segregation on the basis of poverty and race.
• Lake, James A., and Richard Hansen. “Negro Segregation in Nebraska Schools – 1860 60 to 1870.” Nebraska Law Review, vol. 33, no. 44.
  • This a review of 1950s deliberations about the practices of segregating schools in Nebraska. This article is important to provide some historical context to my first date range of 1955-1975.
• Hoy, Frank Allan. A Study of the Relationship Between Declining Enrollment and Desegregation Litigation in the School District of Omaha. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 1978.
  • This book provides more historical background into the practices of segregation and the policy of “separate but equal” in Omaha during the 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s.
• Bennet, Gary G. A Study of Court-Ordered Desegregation in the School District of Omaha, Nebraska 1972-1977. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 1979.
  • Similar to the last source, this article provides more background on the Omaha-centric practice of segregation with a more specific date range. This article moves in to my second date range of 1975-2000.
• Washington, Marguerita Leetta. An Analysis of Educational Attitudes of Black Youth Within the Omaha Public School System (Nebraska). Lincoln: The University of Nebraska, 1985.
  • This article provides a social science background on the attitudes around education that Black Youth and Omaha held during the 1970s and 1980s. It explores how racism, segregation, and desegregation in the Omaha Public School system has impacted these attitude and some potential outcomes for them.
• Oberst, Byron B. “A Community Approach to Specific School Learning Disabilities: The Omaha STAAR Project.” Journal of Learning Disabilities, October 1973.
  • This article is published in the wake of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 which was the United States first big push to give rights to those with disability’s. This specific article stems from this legislation, designing a school program that could be implemented in Omaha to benefit those with disabilities.
• Rabak-Wagener, Judith, Peter J. Ellery, and Richard D. Stacy. “Analysis of Health Education Provided to Students with Disabilities in Nebraska.” Journal of Health Education, 1997.
  • Though this article only concerns one specific type of education (health), it demonstrates the attitudes surrounding educating students with disabilities in the 1990s. It can ask questions about if similar patterns are seen in other forms of education.
• Sullivan, Patricia M. and John F. Knutson. “Maltreatment and Disabilities: A Population-Based Epidemiological Study.” Child Abuse and Neglect, October 2000.
  • This is an article examining the nationwide prevalence of treatment of children with disabilities in schools, one of their specific resources is school records. This is important to the overall purpose of my project, because understanding how people are treated in a school can help to understand their specific school outcomes.
• Nebraska LB 1024 and LB 641
  • These are two Nebraska State Legislations that concern districting and redistricting on the Omaha Public School District System. They drew nationwide attention with threats of suit from OPS and the NAACP. This is important to my project because it falls within the date range of my third group, 2000-2020.
• Aron, Laudan, and Pamela Loprest. “Disability and the Education System.” The Future of Children vol. 22, no. 1. Spring 2022, 97-122.
  • This is another broad article on the nature of disability education in the United States and its benefits and shortcomings. It provides both a historical and contemporary background to disability in schools.
• Leake, David W., and Robert A. Stodden. “Higher Education and Disability: Past and Future of Underrepresented Populations.” Journal of Postsecondary Education and Disability, vol.27, no. 4. 2014. 399-408.
  • This article explores how specific acts of legislation including the Rehabilitation Act and the Americans with Disability Act have impacted schools. Both of these acts take place in a set part of my date ranges, and I am hoping to use the information to locate some mapping data regarding disabilities and their change over time.
• Fletcher, Adam, F.C. “A History of Segregated Schools in Omaha, Nebraska.” North Omaha History. 2018. https://northomahahistory.com/2018/02/06/a-history-of-segregated-schools-in-omaha-nebraska/
  • This website provides some great historical information about some historically segregated schools in Omaha, as well as key historical figures on the issues of race and segregation in Nebraska.