Stage 3: Annotated Bibliography

Potential Data Sources

1. 1940 U.S. Census Data with 2008 TIGER/Line +. IPUMS NHGIS. Accessed April 3, 2024. File download with census total population mapped by county. This data offers a snapshot of the total populations of counties in West Virginia and Michigan in 1940.
2. 1940 U.S. Census Data on Occupation and Industry with 2008 TIGER/Line +. IPUMS NHGIS. Accessed April 3, 2024. File download with census occupation and industry mapped by county. As data on average household income was not explicitly surveyed by the U.S. Census prior to 1970, this data offers an alternative subject which, when compared between years, could reveal employment changes in the industrial sectors of Michigan and West Virginia.
3. 1970 U.S. Census Data on Household Income with 2008 TIGER/Line +. IPUMS NHGIS. Accessed April 3, 2024. File download with census data on household income mapped by county. This data offers a snapshot of the average household income of counties in West Virginia and Michigan in 1970.
4. 2000 U.S. Census Data with 2008 TIGER/Line +. IPUMS NHGIS. Accessed April 3, 2024. File download with census total population mapped by county. This data offers a snapshot of the total populations of counties in West Virginia and Michigan in 2000.
5. 2010 U.S. Census Data on Household Income with 2010 TIGER/Line +. IPUMS NHGIS. Accessed April 3, 2024. File download with census data on household income mapped by county. This data offers a snapshot of the average household income of counties in West Virginia and Michigan in 2010.
6. Detroitography. “Map of Detroit Auto Industry 1960.” Accessed April 3, 2024. https://detroitography.com/2014/04/18/map-of-detroit-auto-industry-1960/. A static map of assembly plants in Detroit in 1960. This can be used to compare plant numbers and locations between 1960 and the present day (with the MichAuto interactive map), thus providing an idea of change over time.
7. MichAuto. “Michigan is Automobility Asset Map.” Accessed April 3, 2024. https://michauto.org/automobility-asset-map/. An interactive map of more than 400 facilities related to the Michigan automotive industry, including assembly plants and manufacturing centers. Though likely more exhaustive than my project layer will be, the site could nonetheless prove useful in pinpointing the location of major industrial sites.
8. National Park Service. “West Virginia Coal Fields.” 1993. Accessed through Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/cmns000019/. Map indicating the major coal fields of West Virginia. In narrowing down the specific regions of West Virginia on which my project will focus, a map of the state’s actively exploited resources will prove useful.
9. National Service Center for Environmental Protections. “Abandoned Coal Mine Areas in West Virginia.” Accessed April 3, 2024. A map of inactive mines in the state of West Virginia. Some regions contain more inactive mines than others, which is useful information to know as a search for locations with correlating demographic change.
10. West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey. “Underground and Surface Mines.” Accessed April 3, 2024. https://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/GIS/CBMP/all_mining.html. An interactive map featuring all documented coal mines in West Virginia; clicking on a location often produces a local map of a particular mine. Though more exhaustive than my own map will be, this resource will prove helpful in pinpointing the geographic location of any mine I do wish to map.

Secondary Sources

1. Armstrong, Ben. “Industrial Policy and Local Economic Transformation: Evidence from the U.S. Rust Belt.” Economic Development Quarterly 35, no. 4 (June 2021): 181-196. This article examines the role of state industrial policy on the economy of two U.S. cities: Pittsburg and Cleveland. Though not focused on my two states of study, theories and arguments on the connection between policy, industry, and urban economic development could potentially be applied to geographic areas not covered by Armstrong.
2. Arribas-Bel, Daniel, and Michiel Gerritse. “From Manufacturing Belt, to Rust Belt, o College Country: A Visual Narrative of US Urban Growth.” Environment and Planning A 47, no. 6 (2015): 1241-1253. Arribas-Bel and Gerritse study the factors (including manufacturing and employment) which account for the growth and decline of urban populations. The article could offer supporting evidence, or possible alternative explanations, for population change in the significant urban center(s) that fall within my project’s scope.
3. Bell, Shannon Elizabeth, and Richard York. “Community Economic Identity: The Coal Industry and Ideology Construction in West Virginia.” Rural Sociology 75, no. 1 (2010): 111-143. An article on the strategies corporations preserve the “economic identity” of communities that have become disconnected from the industry due to mechanization and environmental impacts. This article offers further context on the coal industry’s relationship with West Virginia communities.
4. Ballard, Charles. Michigan’s Economic Future: A New Look. East Lansing, Michigan State University Press, 2010. A book providing an overview of the Michigan economy as a whole, including sections and manufacturing and the automobile industry. Ballard confirms the primacy of the automobile industry, but cites economic trends to argue that manufacturing in Michigan generally declined between 1963 and 2008, my project examines the effect of this observed change on surrounding populations.
5. Blaacker, Debra, Joshua Woods, and Christopher Oliver. “How Big is Big Coal? Perceptions of the Coal Industry’s Economic Impact in West Virginia.” Organization and Environment 25, no. 4 (2012): 385-401. An article examining how public perception of coal mining has not responded to decreases in employment. If locals are not responding to mechanization and deindustrialization as I hypothesize, perhaps this article’s theory on public perception could be playing a role.
6. Burns, Shirley S. Bringing Down the Mountains: The Impact of Mountaintop Removal Surface Coal Mining on Southern West Virginia Communities. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Press (2007). A book that traces the history of coal mining in West Virginia, including the turn to mechanization and the industry’s effect on local residents. As the West Virginia coal industry is a primary focus of my study, Burns’ work could help me to pinpoint the periods in time when mechanization and economic demand were impacting the employment of surrounding populations.
7. Cole, Robert E., ed. The American Automobile Industry: Rebirth or Requiem? Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984. A written record of a university panel event on the automotive industries of the United States and Japan. Several of the speakers discuss the present and past state of the industry, which offers an economic snapshot of manufacturing plants (including in Michigan) about halfway through the timespan of my study.
8. Hobor, George. “Surviving the Era of Deindustrialization: The New Economic Geography of the Urban Rust Belt.” Journal of Urban Affairs 35, no. 4 (2012): 417-434. Hobor argues that the cities best able to survive deindustrialization are those that can evolve and diversify their economies. More specifically, Hobor finds that a generally observed loss in manufacturing jobs across the Rust Belt did not necessarily lead to economic instability. My project will, in a way, seek to test Hobor’s results by studying the household impact of the lost industrial employment.
9. Lequieu, Amanda McMillan. “‘We made the choice to stick it out'” Negotiating a stable home in the rural, American Rust Belt.” Journal of Rural Studies 53, no. 1 (July 2017): 202-213. An article studying home and community in a region of Wisconsin known for its dependence on iron mining. Observed links between a mining industry and the local community could also apply to coal-mining regions of West Virginia.
10. Tams, W.P. The Smokeless Coal Fields of West Virginia: A Brief History. 2nd edition. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2001. A comprehensive overview of the coal industry in West Virginia, written at its arguable high point. Topics relevant to my study, beyond general context, include employee relations and the reality of life in mining settlements.